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Compro Carrots / I Buy Carros

Code switching draws you in or keeps you out. Code switching is community and exclusion. Code switching is managing multiple identities and multiple fields of engagement. When people around you code switch they shift the borders, leaving you on new territory even though you thought you hadn't moved. 

In linguistics code switching means alternating between two or more languages (or language varieties) in the course of a single conversation. 

Code switching has a broader meaning too which includes all the non-linguistic aspects of communication: accent, gesture, body-language. 

An example: in the rural hill town where we lived our elderly neighbour would switch mid-sentence from Portuguese to French. My foreignness, my prominent unbelonging, seemed to remind him of his years of graft in Versailles. And this, in turn, triggered his darting visits into the French language.

Another example: the Netflix drugs thriller Rabo de Peixe is set in the Azores and is, naturally, in Portuguese. Joe, the unseen narrator, delivers a world-weary commentary on the story as it unfolds. He drops pithy American phrases into his Portuguese: Bullshit or Don't wancha here no more or We got it all. There's no change in cadence as he does this. No apparent seam that separates the languages. Like stage magic - speed and sleight of hand.

A still from the series Turn of the Tide with a subtitle saying 'Joe speaks in Portuguese and English'

Code switching is fun when you're part of it and bewildering when you're not. 

A third example: in the after-school English classes that I teach, a student will slowly piece a sentence together until their words take them to a gulf which they think they cannot bridge - a word they can't remember or a verb they can't conjugate. At this point they often switch into their mother tongue and skirt around the problem knowing everyone in the room can follow them. 

Speaking is one thing: you’re riding the rhythm of exchange and keeping it flowing. Reading is another; you can repeat a phrase over and over, seeing different connections. 

This public information poster about considerate scootering translates as USE BUT DON'T ABUSE. 

Um cartaz na rua com a frase 'Usa mas não abusa'

I know that in this poster USA is a verb, but I still read USA as the country. It creates this condensed and fractured imperative statement about global power and attendant responsibility: Global superpower but do not abuse. (In Portuguese the country's name is Estados Unidos de America or EUA so native Portuguese speakers may not have the same associations as me.)

Another example of one language emerging from another: the shopping arcades beside the Avenida are covered with A4-sized entrepreneurial posters. A common one says COMPRO CARROS (meaning I BUY CARS). Walking home tired from work, the second word keeps gaining a letter and morphing into English: COMPRO CARROTS (meaning I BUY CARROTS). 

Alternancia de codigos linguisticos é tambem conhecido com code switching. Code switching atrai-nos ou afasta-nos. A mudança de código é comunidade e exclusão. Code switching é a gestão de vários identidades ou de vários campos de encontro. Quando as pessoas em volta de nós fazem code switching, deslocam as fronteiras, deixando-nos num novo território.

Em linguística, code switching significa alternar entre duas ou mais línguas (ou variedades linguísticas) durante uma só conversa.

Code switching tem também um significado mais largo, que inclui sotaque, gestos, linguagem corporal. 

Um exemplo: na cidade rural onde vivíamos em 2021, o nosso vizinho idoso mudava a meio de uma frase de português para francês. Eu era estrangeiro, e este facto parecia recordar-lhe os seus anos de trabalho em Versalhes. E isso, por sua vez, iniciou as suas visitas à língua francesa.

Outro exemplo: Rabo de Peixe, da Netflix, passa-se nos Açores. Joe, o narrador invisível, comenta a história à medida que esta se desenrola. No meio deste comentário ele usa frases americanas recortadas: Bullshit ou Don't wancha here no more ou We got it all. (O que quer dizer Tretas e Já não te quero aqui e Temos de tudo.) Não há mudança de ritmo quando ele faz isso. Não há uma costura visível a separar as línguas. É como magia de palco - velocidade e prestidigitação.

O code switching é divertido quando se participa nela e desconcertante quando não se participa. 

Um terceiro exemplo: nas aulas de inglês que lecciono depois do horário escolar, um aluno vai compondo lentamente uma frase até que as suas palavras o levam a um abismo que pensa não conseguir ultrapassar - uma palavra que não conhece ou um verbo que não consegue conjugar. Nesta altura, muitas vezes mudam para a sua língua materna e contornam o problema, sabendo que toda a gente na sala os pode seguir. 

Falar é uma coisa; está-se a seguir o ritmo da conversa. Ler é outra coisa; pode repetir-se uma frase vários vezes, vendo os conexões

Sempre que vejo esse cartaz USA MAS NAO ABUSA, a primeira palavra parece-me como o nome de EUA. Na minha cabeça, isto cria esta mensagem condensada e fracturada sobre o poder e a responsabilidade globais. (Em português, o nome do país é Estados Unidos da América ou EUA, pelo que a primeira associação de USA pode não ser o país).

Outro exemplo de uma língua que emerge de outra: as galerias comerciais ao lado da avenida estão cobertas de cartazes de empresas. Um dos mais comuns diz COMPRO CARROS. Ao voltar para casa cansado do trabalho, a segunda palavra continua a tentar transformar-se numa palavra inglesa: COMPRO CARROTS (I BUY CARROTS). 

Deixo a ultima palavra à Joana Estrela:

Um painel de uma novela gráfica com uma rapariga adolescente a descrever o seu vestuário.

















Comments

  1. As a "recovering linguist" dealing with three languages every day, I really enjoyed this post. The "USA mas não abusa" poster gets me all the time. It's the beauty of languages, they way they keep re-shuffling borders, all of them. PS: Li "Pardalita" há algum tempo e foi uma das melhores coisas que aconteceram desde a minha mudança para Portugal (em Gaia!).

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Que bom. Estou tão feliz que leu 'Pardalita'.

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    2. What does a recovering linguist do? What helps the recovery? O que faz um linguista em recuperação? O que ajuda na recuperação?

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    3. Yeah, I stumbled upon it at the library a while ago and was love at first sight. Encontrei-o na biblioteca há alguns meses e foi amor à primeira vista.

      Tough question! Should have said "in remission" - able to enjoy linguistics without professional constrains. Pergunta difícil! Deveria ter dito "em remissão" - desfruto da linguística sem limitações/constrangimentos profissionais.

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